Class schedule and location:  Start September 26/27, 2023, bi-weekly every Thursday from 5-7:30 pm and Friday from 1:30 to 4 pm in  Room 101

Schedule office hours: Friday morning from 11 am to 1:30 pm or Friday afternoon after class from 4 to 6 pm in room 204, or by agreement, also via Zoom                 
Whatsapp +4916099380520  email: wkuehne@johnshopkins.it or wkuehne@jhu.edu

Not Applicable

Course requirements, participation and grading:

1. Fifteen or ten (more than one presenter per topic) minutes oral presentation(45 % of the grade) in class by every student on one of the topics listed below (see Topic 1 - 12, number of topics may be changed depending on the size of the class);
   
   
2. Topics will be distributed on a first come first served basis (more details in class..)
   
   
3. Depending on the size of the class some topics may be split up between two students because of their complexity or even three working together as a group. like in the case of  Somalia, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Mali and DR Congo;
   (Depending on the size of the class students my be offered the option to do a 2nd presentation instead of the final bullet paper. The decicion will be made by the Professor at the beginnig of the class.)
   
   
4. Oral mid-term group exercise based on a case study, challenging students to deal with the reality of a country struggling with a violent internal conflict for several years; each students then is asked so sum-up her or his key insights/conclusions from the discussion in a short bullet paper (3-4 pages) (15% of the grade);
   
   
5. At the end of the class: a thorough concluding discussion on the key question of the class: "Is there any future for UN peace operations and peacebuilding?” will take place; afterwards every student will be asked to sum up his or her key insights from the discussion in a  bullet paper (6-8 pages); 
   
6. Students are expected to actively participate in the discussions in the entire class (10 % of the grade).
   
   
7. The final grade is thus determined as a sum of the presentation (45%),mid-term group exercise plus short bullet paper  3-4 pages)  (15% of the grade), final group discussion  plus final bullet paper (6-8 pages) (30%) or 2nd presentation (see above) and overall participation (10%). 

 All assignments are due via CANVAS if not stipulated otherwise.

Grading:

1. Fifteen or ten (more than one presenter per topic) minutes oral presentation(45% of the grade) in class by every student on one of the topics listed below (see topic 1 - 12 the number of topics may be reduced depending o the size of the class);
   
   
2. Oral mid-term group exercise based on a case study, challenging students to deal with the reality of a country struggling with a violent internal conflict for several years; each students then is asked so sum-up her or his key insights/conclusions from the discussion in a short bullet paper (3-4 pages) (15% of the grade);
   
   
3. At the end of the class: a thorough, concluding discussion on the key question of the class  “ Is there any future for UN peaceoperations and peacebuilding?”. Afterwards each student will be asked to sum up his/hers key insights/conclusion in a bullet paper (6-8 pages) (30 % 0t the grade).
   
   
4. Students are expected to actively participate in the discussion in the entire class (10 % of the grade).
   
   
5. The final grade is thus determined as a sum of the presentation (45%), mid-term group exercise plus short bullet paper (3-4 pages (15%), final group discussion  plus bullet paper (6-8 pages) or 2nd presentation (see above)  (30%) and overall participation (10%). 

 All assignments are due via CANVAS if not stipulated otherwise.

Fifteen or ten (more than one presenteer for a topic) minute oral presentation in class by every student on one of the topics chosen from the list below:

2nd Generation Missions: Getting Multi-dimensional and Dynamic:

• UNTAG in Namibia 1989-90 – An outstanding success story
• UNAMIR (1993-96) and the Genocide in Rwanda  - What went wrong? 

3rd Generation Missions - Robust and Multi-dimensional in Failing States (example Liberia):

• EOMOG (1991-1998) and UNMIL in Liberia (2003-2020) moving slowly forward to success? The role of free and fair elections? How to define success? 

• The Difficult Task to Disarm and Reintegrate Combatants and Militias (DDR). Which lessons have been learned (cases: Liberia, DR Congo, Mali etc.)?
  
• Security Sector Reform (SSR): More important than elections and democratization to achieve? sustained stability? Why so difficult (cases: Liberia, DR Congo, Mali etc.)

• Stabilization and State-building in Somalia - any hope for success? Exploring the concepts and modells eplored so far 

• From UNTAET and INTERFET to UNMISET and finally UNMIT: the risk of too much top-down and the strategic role of Local Ownership 

• The 2012 coup and thereafter – from Tuareg uprisings to organized crime and terrorism

• MINUSMA and its deadly environment: after a promising start - why failing so badly?

• After Four Decades of Dictatorial Rule (Mobutu ): MONUC/MONUSCO (2010...) struggling to stabilize the DR Congo until today…
  
  
• Protection of Civilians: too much for UN Bluehelmets in general and for MONUSCO in particular?
  

Session 1 to 4:

Module 1 - 8

• Welcome and Introduction
• Overview of Missions and Development of Peacekeeping since its Beginning
  
• Peacekeeping and the UN Charta
• Overview of topics available for presentation by students
• Intro into the complex dynamics of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in failing states 
• How does one recognize a "failing state"? Understanding the violent interaction between state failure and  socio-ethnic and -religious violence - Why do fifficcult to stop?
• Local Ownership in Peacebuilding: The difficulty to find local actors who are relevant, willing and capable.
• Video "The Price of Peace" Peacekeeping in the Eastern Congo 2003
• Distribution and discussion of topics available for presentations by students
• Introduction into Mid-term Recap and Group Exercise

• Discussion of findings/recommendations of the mid-term groups regarding an UN Mission to Dar-Lehsal 

• Final distribution of topics for presentations 

• Intro: How best to prepare and do a presentation - some basic lessons learned

• The sequence of sessions  might be changed throughout the course if needed. 

Introductory lectures by Professor Kuehne and discussion.

Session 1 - 4 (Module 1-8)

United Nations, UN Peacekeeping Operations (Capstone Doctrine) – Principles and Guidelines (New York, N.Y.: United Nations, 2008) https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/capstone_eng_0.pdf  

Fetherston, A.B., Peacekeeping, Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding. A Reconsideration of Theoretical Frameworks, in: International Peacekeeping, Special Issue, 1 (Spring 2000) 7, pp. 190-218.

DW (Deutsche Welle), Ben Night 06/28/2023  Global Conflict: Death toll highest in 21st century. p 5.  https://www.dw.com/en/global-conflicts-death-toll-at-highest-in-21st-century/a-66047287?utm_source=dailybrief&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=DailyBrief2023Jun29&utm_term=DailyNewsBrief


Module  2          Module 1 continued…

Organization of the class; list of topics available for presentations (and papers),midterm recap, grading and assignments etc.

Goulding, Marrack, The Evolution of United Nations Peacekeeping, in: International Affairs, 3 (1993) 69, pp. 451-464.

United Nations, The Blue Helmets. A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York, N.Y.: United Nations Dept. of Public Information, 1996), pp. 35-70. (section about UNEF)

United Nations, Report of Brahimi Panel on the United Nations Peace Operations (New York/N.Y.: United Nations, 2000) https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/file-attachments/BR-CompleteVersion-Dec03_1.pdf

sipri (Stockholm International Peace Research Institue), Commentary/Background 29 May 2024, Multilateral peace operations in 2023; Developments and trends. pp. 10      https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2024/multilateral-peace-operations-2023-developments-and-trends?utm_source=phpList&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=SIPRI+Update+May+2024%3A+New+peace+operations+data%2C+2024+Stockholm+Forum+videos%2C+SIPRI+Yearbook+in+Chinese%2C+and+more&utm_content=HTML

Berdal, Mats R., Lessons not Learned. The Use of Force in “Peace Operations” in the 1990s, in: International Peacekeeping, 7 (2000) 4, pp. 55-74.

 
Module 4   Getting a better understanding of mission reality in the field:
    
    Video: The Peacekeepers: The Price of Peace” DR Congo 2003

Module 5 - 6  No successful mission and exit without effective peacebuilding – the challenge to deal with failing states and societies in turmoil

Kuehne, Winrich, Security. From Peacekeeping to Postconflict Peacebuilding, in: Reychler, Luc/Paffenholz, Thania (eds.), Peacebuilding. A Field Guide (a handbook) (Brussels: Lynne Rienner, 2001). 

DPKO/DFS Paper, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding: Clarifying the Nexus, pp. 1-4. https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/PKO%20Peacebuilding%20Peacekeeping%20Nexus.pdf

Herbst; Jeffrey, Responding to State Failure. International Security, Vol. 21 No. 3 1996-97, p. 120-144; http://www.jstor.org/stable/2539275?seq=1

di John, Jonathan, Conceptualizing the Causes and Consequences of Failed States: A Critical Review of the Literature. LSE, School of  Oriental and African Studies. Crisis States Working paper series No. 2, 2008. pp. 1-50. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/57427/wp25.2.pdf 

Mats Berdal and Jak Sherman, The Political Economy of Civil War and UN Peace Operations. pp. 1 -26 Available online https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/lib/jhu/detail.action?pq-origsite=primo&docID=7191740
                                              

Kuehne, Winrich (ed.), Winning the Peace. Concept and Lessons Learned of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding. International Workshop Berlin. July 4-6 1996. In cooperation with Peter Cross and Tanja Schümer (Ebenhausen: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 1996).

Module 7   Local Ownership in Peacebuilding: a strategic but complex and difficult principle: The difficulty to find local actors who are relevant, willing and capable. Why so important? Why so difficult? 

Required Reading:

Kuehne, Winrich, Peacebuilding Processes in Failed States - How to Improve Local Ownership. March 2008, ZIF (Center for International Peace Operations)

Reich, H., Local Ownership in Conflict Transformation Projects. Partnership, Participation or Patronage?”, Berghof Occasional Paper 27, 2006: https://berghof-foundation.org/library/local-ownership-in-conflict-transformation-projects-partnership-participation-or-patronage

International Peace Academy (IPA), Building Effective Partnerships. Improving the Relationship between Internal and External Actors in Post-conflict Countries, in: IPA and WSP International, Oct. 2004.  

Stedman, S., Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes, International Security, Vol. 22, No. 2 (1997).

Supplementary Reading:

Caplan, R., Partner or Patron? International Civil Administration and Local Capacity-building, International Peacekeeping Vol. 11, No. 2 (2004), pp. 230-231.

Scheye, E./Peake, G., Unknotting Local Ownership”, After Intervention: Public Security in Post-Conflict Societies – From Intervention to Sustainable Local Ownership, DCAF / PfP Consortium of Defence Academies and Security Studies Institutes, Geneva / Vienna, 2005.

Narten, J., Dilemmas of Promoting Local Ownership: State-building in Postwar Kosovo, in: Paris, R./Sisk T. (Eds.), Dilemmas of Statebuilding, 2009. Also online: http://proxy.library.jhu.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781134002146

Deutsche Stiftung Friedensforschung, Ownership in Practice –Lessons from Liberia and Kosovo (Tobias Pitz/Leopold von Carlowitz), Report No. 29 (2011), pp. 1-64: www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/37147/ssoar-2011-pietz_et_al-Ownership_in_practice__lessons.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2011-pietz_et_al-Ownership_in_practice__lessons.pdf

Module 8    Introduction into mid-term Group Exercise
 

Session 5  Module 9 - 10  

Mid-term Recap and Group Exercise : Civil War in Dar-Lehsal (fictious state in Africa): Advising the UN Secretary General to draft a realistic mandate for an UN mission to be deployed in Moganda  (details will be announced in the class and on CANVAS)

Session  6  

Module  11  

Module 12

SECOND PART 

Session 7 - 12 (presentations by students) 

Topic 1:  2nd Generation Peacekeeping - Getting Multi-dimensional and Dynamic: UNTAG in South-West Africa (Namibia) 1989

Required Reading:

United Nations, UNTAG in: The Blue Helmets. A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York/N.Y.: United Nations Dept. of Public Information, 1996), pp. 201-230.

Howard, Lise Morjé, UN Peace Implementation in Namibia. The Causes of Success, in: International Peacekeeping, 9 (2002) 1, pp. 99-132.

Crocker, Chester A., Peacemaking in Southern Africa: The Namibia-Angola Settlement of 1988, in: Crocker, Chester A./Hampson, Fen Osler/Aall, Pamela R., Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World (Washington/D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1999), pp. 207-244.

United Nations, UNTAG website: https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/untag.htm

Supplementary Reading:

Dobbins, James, The UN's role in Nation-building: from the Congo to Iraq (Santa Monica/CA: RAND Corp., 2005), pp. 29-42. 
http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2005/RAND_MG304.pdf

Dzinesa, Gwinyayi Albert, A Comparative Perspective of UN Peacekeeping in Angola and Namibia, in: International Peacekeeping, 11 (Winter 2004) 4, pp. 644‑663.  

Melber, Hennig, Re-examining Liberation in Namibia, Nordiska Afrkainstitutet 2003, pp. 149, http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?searchId=1&pid=diva2:241396.

Parsons, Anthony, From Cold War to Hot Peace: UN Interventions 1947-1994 (London; New York/N.Y.: M. Joseph, 1995), pp. 107-120.

Coleman, Katharina P., The Political Economy of UN Peacekeeping: Incentivizing Effective Participation. International Peace Institute (IPI), 2014 pp. 3-17 
http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/430-the-political-economy-of-un-peacekeeping-incentivizing-effective-participation.htm

United Nations, Rwanda - UNAMIR Background.  https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unamir_b.htm

United Nations, UNAMIR in: The Blue Helmets. A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York/N.Y.: United Nations Dept. of Public Information, 1996), pp. 339-374.

Gready, Paul (2010): ‘You’re either with us or against us’: Civil society and policy making in post-genocide Rwanda, in: African Affairs, Vol. 109, No. 437, pp. 637-657.

Suhrke, Astri and Bruce Jones (2000): Preventive diplomacy in Rwanda. Failure to act or failure of actions?, in: Bruce W. Jentleson (ed.), Opportunities missed, opportunities seized. Preventive diplomacy in the post-cold war world, Lanham/Col.: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 238-264.

Ingelaere, Bert (2001) Peasants, power and ethnicity: A bottom-up perspective on Rwanda’s political transition, in: African Affairs, Vol. 109, No. 435, pp. 273-292.

Supplementary Reading:

International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and the Surrounding Events (2000): Rwanda. The preventable genocide, in: http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d1da8752.pdf

Doyle, Michael W./Sambanis, Nicholas, Making War and Building Peace. United Nations Peace Operations (Princeton/N.J.; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 257, 281-302. Also online: http://proxy.library.jhu.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2FJHU.eblib.com%2Fpatron%2FFullRecord.aspx%3Fp%3D675888

Baines, Erin K. (2003): Body politics and the Rwandan crisis, in: Third World Quarterly (Basingstoke), vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 479 - 493.

Feil, Scott R. (1998): Preventing genocide. How the early use of force might have succeeded in Rwanda. A report to the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Washington/D.C.: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict.  https://www.carnegie.org/media/filer_public/02/45/0245add3-b6aa-4a08-b9fc-6eb91f4e2975/ccny_report_1998_genocide.pdf

Kuperman, Alan J., The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: The Genocide in Rwanda (Washington/D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2001).

Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Lessons Learned Unit (1996): Comprehensive report on lessons learned from United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) October 1993 – April 1996, New York: United Nations.

Topic 3 - 4         3rd Generation Missions: robust and multi-dimensional (example Liberia)

Required Reading:

United Nations, UNMIL in: The Blue Helmets. A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York/N.Y.: United Nations Dept. of Public Information, 1996), pp. 375-394.

ZIF (Center for International Peace Operations), Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Liberia. Seminar with the Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Juni2008. https://www.zif-berlin.org/sites/zif-berlin.org/files/inline-files/Liberia_Report_final_3_6_08.pdf

Required Reading:  

Berdal, Mats, Disarmament and Demobilization after Civil Wars. Arms, Soldiers and the Termination of Armed Conflicts (Oxford: Adelphi Paper 303/International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1996).

Pugel, James, What the Fighters Say: A Survey of Ex-combatants in Liberia (New York/N.Y.: United Nations Development Programme, 2006)

Alden, Chris, Making Old Soldiers Fade Away. Lessons from the Reintegration of Demobilized Soldiers in Mozambique, in: Security Dialogue, 33 (Sept. 2002) 3, pp. 347-357.

ACCORD, Conflict Trends 2016/4, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/disarmament-demobilisation-reintegration-democratic-republic-congo/ 

Kamissa Kamara,  The Broker, 10 July 2015A successful DDR is the key to Mali´s long-term peace. https://www.thebrokeronline.eu/a-successful-ddr-is-the-key-to-mali-s-long-term-peace/

Supplementary Reading:

United Nations, Second Generation Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Practices (DDR) in Peace Operations. Principles and Guidelines. New York 2010, pp. 74.  https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/2gddr_eng_with_cover.pdf

Lundin, Baptista I., Mechanisms of Community Reception of Demobilised Soldiers in Mozambique, African Journal of Political Science (1998) Vol. 3. No. 1, p. 104 – 118.

Beck, Holly, Putting Security First. Weapons for Development as an Approach to Micro-Disarmament (Undergraduate Honour Thesis, 2004).  

Meek, Sarah/Malan, Mark, Identifying Lessons From DDR Experiences in Africa. Workshop Report (Pretoria: Sabinet, 2004): https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/Mono106.pdf

Boothby, Derek. The United Nations and Disarmament. International Relations Studies and the United Nations Occasional Paper Nr. 1 (Waterloo: The Academic Council on the United Nations System, 2001).

Hagman, Lotta/Nielsen, Zoe, A Framework for Lasting Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Crisis Situations. IPA-UNDP Workshop Report, 12-13 December 2002 (New York/N.Y., N.Y.: International Peace Academy, 2002).

reliefweb, CCossa & Palik,01/2023. Women and DDR in Mozambique: The Exclusionary and Inclusionary Dynamics of DDR Programs. https://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/women-and-ddr-mozambique-exclusionary-and-inclusionary-dynamics-ddr-programs-enpt  
Anne Savey  & M.A. Boisvert, Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World and Sahel De. 21 2018. The process of Disarmament-Demobilization-Reintegration (DDR) in Mali: a journey full of pitfalls. https://www.frstrategie.org/en/programs/observatoire-du-monde-arabo-musulman-et-du-sahel/process-disarmament-demobilization-reintegration-ddr-mali-journey-full-pitfalls-2018 

Claudio Breitung, BICC Publications Why there is a need to reframe the discourse on armed groups in Mali. October 2019. BICC_Policy_Brief_8_2019.pdf~dr1089

Karoline Eickhoff, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, National Ownership and Security Sector Reform in Mali. https://link-springer-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/book/10.1007/978-3-658-29160-0 

MONUSCO,  DDR/RR in the DR Congo.  https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/ddrrr

Michel Thill, Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum. In Search of a Winning Formula: Lessons on DDR and Community Reintegration in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pp. 35 https://ssrc-cdn1.s3.amazonaws.com/crmuploads/new_publication_3/in-search-of-a-winning-formula-lessons-on-ddr-and-community-reintegration-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo.pdf     

Andre Koln, Peace Insight, 5. Dec. 2011. DDR in the DRC: the limitations of externally led approaches. https://www.peaceinsight.org/en/articles/ddr-drc/?location=dr-congo&theme=ddr 

Sam Mednick & C. M. Sengenya,  The New Humanitarian 16 November 2022. Fourth time lucky? The challenge of demobilizing rebels in the Congo. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2022/11/16/DRC-rebels-demobilisation-disarmament-M23   

United Nations Development Program (Liberia). 19 Sept. 2003 DDRRP Liberia Lessons Learned and Summary. pp.11 https://erc.undp.org/evaluation/documents/download/1283 

Jairo Munive & Stine Finne Jakobsen, September 2012 Conflict and Development 12/4. Revising DDR in Liberia. Exploring the power, agency and interests of local and international actors in the ´making´ and ´unmaking´of combatants.´  pp. 359 – 385.  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263522269_Revisiting_DDR_in_Liberia_Exploring_the_power_agency_and_interests_of_local_and_international_actors_in_the_'making'_and_'unmaking'_of_combatants   

Von Gienanth et al., Post-Conflict Peacebuilding in Liberia, Report ZIF/KAIPTC Nov. 2017, pp. 31-46. https://www.zif-berlin.org/sites/zif-berlin.org/files/inline-files/Liberia_Report_final_3_6_08.pdf

Relief Web , Christopher van Dyck  (DCAF) 2016 Liberia - DDR and SSR in War-to-Peace Transition. Pp. 84. https://reliefweb.int/report/liberia/ddr-and-ssr-war-peace-transition   

Thomas Jaye, Center for Transitional Justice .June 2009. Transitional Justice and DDR: The Case of Liberia https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/39091-doc-65._transitional_justice_and_ddr_a_case_for_liberia.pdf

Topic 6   Security Sector Reform (SSR): More important than elections and democratization to achieve sustained stability?   

Required Reading:

Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform (GFN SSR), A Beginner’s Guide to Security Sector Reform (SSR) (Birmingham: Global Facilitation Network for Security Sector Reform, 2007). 

McFate, Sean, Securing the Future. A Primer in Security Reform in Conflict Countries. Special Report (Washington/D.C.: United Nations Institute of Peace, 2008). Available online: https://www-jstor-org.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/stable/resrep12470

Martin, Alex and Wilson, Peter. Security sector evolution: Which locals? Ownership of what? In: Timothy Danais, Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform. (Berlin: DCAF, 2008) pp. 84-86.  https://www.dcaf.ch/sites/default/files/publications/documents/LocalOwnershipandSSR1.pdf

Derks, Maria and Megan Price, Rule of Law and Security Sector Reform – a pragmatic approach to addressing the security and justice system. CRU Policy Brief No. 20, March 2012, pp. 5 https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/20120300_cru_brief_nr20.pdf

Albrecht, Peter and Jackson, Paul, Security System Transformation in Sierra Leone, 1997-2007, pp. 228. http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/1529/

Supplementary Reading:

Barnes, Catherine, Dilemmas of Ownership, Inclusivity, Legitimacy and Power, Berlin, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, 2017

Security Sector Reform Resource Centre, http://www.ssrresourcecentre.org/blog/ICG,

John Blaney, Jacques Paul Klein and Sean McFate, “Wider Lessons for Peacebuilding: Security Sector Reform in Liberia Policy Analysis Brief, The Stanley Foundation, 2010. p. 12 

Liberia: Uneven Progress in Security Sector Reform, Africa Report No. 148, January 13th 2009  https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/liberia/liberia-uneven-progress-security-sector-reform

Mohammed Tarequl Islam, Journal of International Peacekeeping 8. March 2021, The Dynamics of Security Sector Reform in Liberia.  (PDF) The Dynamics of Security Sector Reform in Liberia Challenges and Opportunities for Achieving the Intended Reforms. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349945080_The_Dynamics_of_Security_Sector_Reform_in_Liberia_Challenges_and_Opportunities_for_Achieving_the_Intended_Reforms 

Wilen, Nina, A Window of Opportunity for the Reform of the Congo´s Security Sector? SSR Brief, November 2014. https://www.ssrresourcecentre.org/2015/01/07/ssr-2-0-brief-no-2-a-window-of-opportunity-for-reforms-in-the-congos-security-sector/

Group of NGOs, The Democratic Republic of Congo: Taking a Stand on Security Sector Reform, 2012, p. 1-22. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/drc-ssr-report-20120416-1.

Rigobert M. Bihuzo, Security Sector Reform Challenges in the Democratic Republic of Congo. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/Security%20Sector%20Reform%20%28SSR%29%20Challenges%20to%20Peace%20in%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo.pdf

Security Sector Reform in the DRC: 10 years of analysis and recommendations for ways forward. Pp. 45 https://www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Search-DRC-SSR_Technical_Strategy_Document.pdf 

Transparency International (Defense and Security), 27.10.2019. Building Integrity in Mali´s Defense and Security Sector. https://ti-defence.org/publications/building-integrity-in-malis-defence-and-security-sector/   

EUCAP Sahel Mali, 15.09.2021, About EUCAP Sahel Mali (Security Sector).  https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eucap-sahel-mali/about-eucap-sahel-mali_en?s=331 

United States Institute for Peace, September 21, 2020. How International Security Support contributed to Mali´s Coup. https://www.usip.org/publications/2020/09/how-international-security-support-contributed-malis-coup 

Nicholas Marsh & H. Rolandsen, In: Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding Vol. 15 2021. Fragmented we fall: Security Sector Cohesion and the Impact of Foreign Security Force Assistance in Mali. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17502977.2021.1988226 

Marc Andre Boisvert, Politique Étrangere Issue 4, October 2021. Mali : The obstales to seurity sector refom. pp. 159-172  https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-etrangere-2021-4-page-159.htm

MONUSCO, 16 Juli 2023, Security Sector Reform. Security Sector Reform | MONUSCO. https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/security-sector-reform

United Nations, UNOSOM in: The Blue Helmets. A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York/N.Y.: United Nations Dept. of Public Information, 1996), pp. 285- 297. ( pages on UNOSOM I and UNITAF)

Blakley, Mike, Somalia. Failed Prevention, in: Brown, Michael E./Rosecrance, Richard N. (eds.), The Costs of Conflict. Prevention and Cure in the Global Arena (Lanham/Ma.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999), pp. 75-90.

Thomas, Lynn/Spataro, Steve, Peacekeeping and Policing in Somalia, in: Robert B. Oakley and Michael J. Dziedzic and Eliot M. Goldberg (eds.), Policing the New World Disorder. Peace operations and public security (Washington/D.C.: National Defence University Press, 1998), pp. 175-214.

Ahmed, Ismail I./Green, Reginald H., The Heritage of War and State Collapse in Somalia and Somaliland. Local-level Effects, External Interventions and Reconstruction, in: Third World Quarterly (Abingdon), Vol. 20, No. 1 (1999), Special Issue: Complex Political Emergencies, pp. 113 127.

Supplementary Reading:

United Nations, UNOSOM I website: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosomi.htm

Chopra, J./Ekenes, Age/Nordbo, Toralv, Fighting for Hope in Somalia (Oslo: Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 1995).

Mulugeta, Kidist (2009): The Role of Regional and International Organizations in Resolving the Somali Conflict: The Case of IGAD; Friedrich Ebert-Stiftung, Addis Ababa, December 2009

Stevenson, Jonathan (1993): Hope Restored in Somalia?, in: Foreign Policy (Washington/D.C.), No. 91.

Mackinlay, John, Improving Multifunctional Forces, in: Survival, 36 (Autumn 1994) 3, pp. 149-173.

Clarke, Walter/Herbst, Jeffrey (eds.), Learning from Somalia. The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention, pp. 276, (Boulder: Westview, 1997).

Doyle, Michael W./Sambanis, Nicholas, Making War and Building Peace. United Nations Peace Operations (Princeton/N.J.; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 144-260. Also online:

http://proxy.library.jhu.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2FJHU.eblib.com%2Fpatron%2FFullRecord.aspx%3Fp%3D675888

     2) UNOSOM II (1993-95) - getting mixed-up between robust peacekeeping and warfighting

Required Reading:

United Nations, UNOSOM in: The Blue Helmets. A Review of United Nations Peacekeeping (New York/N.Y.: United Nations Dept. of Public Information, 1996), pp. 285-318. (read pages on UNOSOM II)

Doyle, Michael W./Sambanis, Nicholas, Making War and Building Peace. United Nations Peace Operations (Princeton/N.J.; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 257, 281-302. Also online: http://proxy.library.jhu.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2FJHU.eblib.com%2Fpatron%2FFullRecord.aspx%3Fp%3D675888

Hagmann, Tobias (2005): Review Article: From State Collapse to Duty-Free Shop: Somalia´s Path to Modernity. In: African Affairs, Vol. 104, No. 416, pp. 525-535.

UN Security Council, Final Report of the Panel of Experts on Somalia, S/2020/949, 28. September 2020, Summary pp. 3-4 https://www.undocs.org/en/S/2020/949

Farer, Tom, United States Military Participation in United Nations Operations in Somalia: Roots of the Conflict with General Mohammed Farah Aideed and a Basis for Accommodation and Renewed Progress. October 1993, pp. 31 (unpublished)

United Nations, UNOSOM II website: https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unosom2.htm 

Supplementary Reading:

United Nations, Report of the Commission of Inquiry Established Pursuant to SC Resolution (1993) to Investigate Armed Attacks on UNOSOM II Personnel.  UN Doc. S/1994/653 1 June 1994. http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/SOMALIA%20S%201994%20653.pdf

Ahmed, Ismail I./Green, Reginald H., The Heritage of War and State Collapse in Somalia and Somaliland. Local-level Effects, External Interventions and Reconstruction, in: Third World Quarterly (Abingdon), Vol. 20, No. 1 (1999), Special Issue: Complex Political Emergencies, pp. 113-127.

Mackinlay, John, Improving Multifunctional Forces, in: Survival, 36 (Autumn 1994) 3, pp. 149-173.

Thomas, Lynn/Spataro, Steve, Peacekeeping and Policing in Somalia, in: Robert B. Oakley and Michael J. Dziedzic and Eliot M. Goldberg (eds.), Policing the New World Disorder. Peace operations and public security (Washington/D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1998), pp. 175-214.

Clarke, Walter/Herbst, Jeffrey (eds.), Learning from Somalia. The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention, pp. 276, (Boulder: Westview, 1997).

International Crisis Group

      -/ -      Somalia: The Transitional Government on Life Support, Africa Report no. 170, Feb. 2011 https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/somalia-transitional-government-life-support

     - / - Somalia: An Opportunity that should not be Missed, Africa Briefing no. 85, Feb. 2012 https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/pbei/icg/0024399/f_0024399_19922.pdf

Menkhaus, Ken (1998): Somalia. Political order in a stateless society, in: Current History (Philadelphia/Pa.), vol. 97, no. 619, pp. 220 - 224.

Clarke, Walter S. and Robert Gosende (2003): Somalia. Can a collapsed state reconstitute itself?, in: Robert I. Rotberg (ed.), State failure and state weakness in a time of terror, Cambridge/Mass.: World Peace Foundation, pp. 129 - 158. Also online:http://proxy.library.jhu.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7864%2Fj.ctvbd8j54

Gundel, Joakim, The Predicament of the “Oday” - the role of traditional structures in security, rights, law and development in Somalia. Danish Refugee Council/Norvib Oxfam, November 2006  (chapters dealing with the topic). Pp. 18 - 61. 

InterPeace, The Search for Peace – Somali Programme: A History of Mediation in Somalia since 1988. Pp. 9-60. https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/2009_Som_Interpeace_A_History_Of_Mediation_In_Somalila_Since_1988_EN.pdf

Abdi Latif Sahir, Somalia Elects Next President, but Terrorist Hold True Power. New York Times May 15. 2022

Harun Maruf, AU Endorses Joint Mission with UN for Somalia. VoA October 11, 2021 https://www.voanews.com/a/au-endorses-joint-mission-with-un-for-somalia/6266127.html

VoA News  .March 2023. Al-Shabab Has Lost Third of its Territory, US Ambassador says. p.3 https://www.voanews.com/a/al-shabab-has-lost-third-of-its-territory-us-ambassador-says/7026624.html  

Africa News  June 2023. Somalia reverts to direct vote, presidential rule. p. 8 https://www.africanews.com/2023/05/29/somalia-reverts-to-direct-vote-presidential-rule/ 

International Crisis Group, Considering Political Engagement with Al-Shabaab in Somalia, Report 309, 21 June 2022. pp 33 https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somalia/309-considering-political-engagement-al-shabaab-somalia

Defence Web June 26,2023 ATMIS troop withdrawal progressing. p.1 https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/diplomacy-a-peace/atmis-troop-withdrawal-progressing/  


....Somalia recent publications

VoA News June 20,2024. Somali Government Seeks to Crack Down on Al-Shabab ´Shadow Courts`p.3 https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-gov-t-seeks-to-crack-down-on-al-shabab-shadow-courts-/6705224.html

AllAfrica, May 2024, AU Vows to Safeguard Security Gains in Somalia Ahead of Troop Exit. p.1    https://allafrica.com/stories/202405070060.html  

AP News May 11. 2024. Somalia wants to terminate the UN political mission assisting peace efforts in the country  https://apnews.com/article/un-somalia-political-mission-terminate-alshabab-military-a6130200c5a34cc18ef65e808890b5e6

ISSA Report June 6, 2024 Will Resolution 2719 be a game-changes for ATMIS? p.10    https://issafrica.org/pscreport/psc-insights/will-resolution-2719-be-a-game-changer-for-atmis

Garowe Online, June 2, 2024. AU Envoy to Somalia: Phase 2 of ATMIS drawdown complete. p.1  https://www.garoweonline.com/en/news/somalia/au-envoy-to-somalia-phase-ii-of-atmis-drawdown-complete      

Reuters Somalia asks peacekeepers to slow withdrawal, fears Islamist resurgence. p.7   
https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/somalia-asks-peacekeepers-slow-withdrawal-fears-islamist-resurgence-2024-06-20/

VoA News Islamic State in Somalia poses growing threat, US official say. p.1  https://www.voanews.com/a/islamic-state-in-somalia-poses-growing-threat-us-officials-say/7660468.html

VoA News August 20,2024 Somali Government seeks to crack-down on Al Shabab `shadow courts`. p. 2   https://www.voanews.com/a/somali-gov-t-seeks-to-crack-down-on-al-shabab-shadow-courts-/6705224.html

Goobjoog News December 29,2024. Somalia to review federal power sharing, judicial system in new deal. p.1 https://en.goobjoog.com/somalia-to-review-federal-power-sharing-judicial-system-in-new-deal/
   

Fourth Generation, Executive Missions – are UN-led international Trusteeships the way forward?

Topic 8   From UNTAET and INTERFET to UNMISET and finally UNMIT in East Timor (Timor-Leste) – Trusteeship: the risk of too much top-down and the strategic role of Local Ownership – Important lessons learned in East Timor.

Required Reading:

United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in Timor-Leste  pp. 1-4  https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unmit/background.shtml

IDSA, The Monthly Journal Strategic Analysis, March 2001; Shalin Chavla, Shaping East Timor - A dimension of United Nations Peacekeeping. p.10  https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_mar01chs01.html

Daria Puschkina & Philipp Maier, United Nations Peacekeeping in East-Timor, 17. Sept. 2012, pp 324-343 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13698249.2012.706949

Jarat Chopra, The UN's Kingdom of East Timor. Survival – Global Politics, Vol. 42 No. 3 pp. 27-40.  https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1093/survival/42.3.27  

Nicolas Lemay-Herbert, The "Empty-Shell" Approach: The Setup Process of International Administrations in Timor-Leste and Kosovo, Its Consequences and Lessons. International Studies Perspectives (2011) 12, pp. 190-211. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44218658

Blanco Ramon, The UN peacebuilding process: an analysis of its shortcomings in Timor-Leste. Revista brasileira de política internacional, 2015, Vol.58 (1), p.42-62. https://www.scielo.br/j/rbpi/a/dNpKSzKfkMG7HxLwZkdGx6H/

Supplementary Reading:

United Nations

- / - UNTAET (UN Transitional Authority in Timor-Leste), Background, Mandate, Facts and Figures etc.  https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/past/etimor/UntaetB.htm 

- / - UNMIT (UN Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste), Background, Mandate etc. and preceding missions. https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unmit/background.shtml

Richmond Oliver (2011), “De-romanticizing the local, de-mystifying the international: hybridity in Timor Leste and the Solomon Islands”. The Pacific Review, 24(1): 115 — 136 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09512748.2010.546873

Simangan Dahlia (2017). “A Detour in the Local Turn: Roadblocks in Timor-Leste’s Post-Conflict Peacebuilding”. Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol.5 (2) Nov. 2017, pages 195-221 https://ipus.snu.ac.kr/eng/archives/ajp/volume-5-number-2-november-2017/research-article/a-detour-in-the-local-turn-roadblocks-in-timor-lestes-post-conflict-peacebuilding

Shaun Goldfinch and others, IN IT FOR THE LONG HAUL? POST-CONFLICT STATEBUILDING, PEACEBUILDING, AND THE GOOD GOVERNANCE AGENDA IN TIMOR-LESTE. Public administration and development, 2014, Vol.34 (2), p.96-108 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pad.1679

Marine Kirakosyan, Challenges of Democratization under International Supervision: The Case of Kosovo and East Timor. DEMOCRACY AND SECURITY 2019, VOL. 15, NO. 3, 230–247 https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2018.1507823

Jarat Chopra, Building State Failure in East Timor. Development and change, 2002, Vol.33 (5), p.979-1000 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-7660.t01-1-00257

Maria Raquel Freire & Paula Duarte Lopes (2013), Peacebuilding in Timor-Leste: Finding a Way between External Intervention and Local Dynamics. International Peacekeeping. Vol. 20:2, pp. 204-218. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13533312.2013.791577

Wallis Joanne. 2017. “Is ‘good enough’ peacebuilding good enough? The potential and pitfalls of the local turn in peacebuilding in Timor-Leste”. The Pacific Review, Vol.30 (2): pages 251-269  https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/doi/full/10.1080/09512748.2016.1220417

Anzal Portal, INTERFET (Int. Force East-Timor), Australian peacekeepers in East Timor from 1999 to 2013  https://anzacportal.dva.gov.au/wars-and-missions/peacekeeping/summaries/east-timor-1999-2013

Keita, Kalifa, Conflict and Conflict Resolution in the Sahel: The Tuareg Insurgency in Mali, Strategic Studies Institute, 1998, pp. 52 https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/47576/Conflict_Conflict_Resolution.pdf

Munda A. Abdalla,  Understanding the natural resource conflict dynamics – The case of the Tuareg in North Africa and the Sahel, ISS Paper 194, Aug. 2009,pp. 14,  https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/Paper194.pdf  

Thurston, Alex, Mali: the disintegration of a "model African democracy". In: Stability: international journal of security & development. - London 1 (2013), S. 1-7, https://www.stabilityjournal.org/articles/10.5334/sta.aq/

Africa Center for Strategic Studies, The Complexity and Growing Threat of Militant Islamist Groups in the Sahel. Feb. 15 2019 https://africacenter.org/spotlight/the-complex-and-growing-threat-of-militant-islamist-groups-in-the-sahel/   pp. 1-4.

Maiga. Ibrahim, Armed groups in Mali: Beyond the labels. Institute for Security Studies (ISS), Issue 17, June 2016 pp. 1-12.  https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/WestAfricaReport17.pdf

Lecocq, Baz, Disputed Desert – Decolonisation, Competing Nationalism and Tuareg Rebellions in Northern Mali. 2010, Leiden (Very interesting and detailed book) pp. 1 – 392. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/18540/ASC-075287668-2887-01.pdf?sequence=2

Cristina Barrios, Tobias Koepf, Re-mapping the Sahel: transnational security challenges and international responses, ISSUE Report No. 19, June 2014 pp. 3-43 chrome- www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Report_19_Sahel.pdf 

Yochi Dreazen, Mali – The New Terrorist Training Ground, The Atlantic, October 2013. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/10/the-new-terrorist-training-ground/309446/    

Kwesi Aning and John Pokoo, “Drug Trafficking and Threats to National and Regional Security in West Africa,” WACD (West Africa Commission on Drugs), Background Paper No. 1, Accra, January 2012, pp. 1- 20. http://www.wacommissionondrugs.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Drug-Trafficking-and-Threats-to-National-and-Regional-Security-in-West-Africa-2013-04-03.pdf

United Nations, International crime gangs amass ´staggering´ profits in conflict zones, expert tells Security Council, Nov. 2021 pp. 1-3; https://operationalsupport.un.org/en/international-crime-gangs-amass-staggering-profits-conflict-zones-expert-tells-security-council

UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Transnational Organized Crime in West Africa: A Threat Assessment, Vienna, February 2013. http://www.unodc.org/toc/en/reports/TOCTAWestAfrica.html

David E. Brown, The Challenge of Drug Trafficking to Democratic Governance and Human Security in West Africa, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, May 2013.

West African Commission on Drugs (WACD), Not Just in Transit – Drugs, Society and the State in West Africa, Report June 2014, pp. 1- 60. http://www.wacommissionondrugs.org/WACD_report_June_2014_english.pdf

Morten Boas, Guns, Money and Prayers: AQIM’s Blueprint for Securing Control of Northern Mali, CTC Sentinel April 2014, Vol. 7 No. 4 pp. 1-27. \https://ctc.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CTCSentinel-Vol7Iss4.pdf
The Sahel’s jihadists don’t all govern alike: context matters, The Conversation, September 14, 2021, pp. 6

Strazzari, F. EU Institute for Security Studies, Religious Extremism as a Vector for Violent Mobilization, in African Futures: Horizon 2025, Rep. No.37 Paris 2017, pp. 47-60 https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Report_37_African%20futures_0.pdf

International Crisis Group,-/ - Central Mali: An Uprising in the making. Africa Report N°238 | 6 July 2016, pp. 34. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/mali/central-mali-uprising-making

UN News May 5. 2024,  Trafficking in the Sahel: Cracking down on illicit drugs. p.5   https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/05/1149346

MINUSMA Factsteet: Basic facts etc. and basic documents. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/mission/minusma

Haysom, Simone, Security and humanitarian crisis in Mali : the role of regional organizations. London : Humanitarian Policy Group, 2014. (HPG Working Paper), pp. 1-17 https://odi.org/en/publications/security-and-humanitarian-crisis-in-mali-the-role-of-regional-organisations/

ECOWAS Peace and Security Report, Mali: making peace while preparing for war / contributors Lori-Anne Théroux-Bénoni, Pretoria : Institute for Security Studies, Issue 1, Oct. 2012, pp. 1-8  https://issafrica.org/research/west-africa-report/mali-making-peace-while-preparing-for-war

Marchal, Roland, Is a military intervention in Mali unavoidable? / Roland Marchal. - Oslo : Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre, 2012. (Noref Report ; October 2012), pp. 1-21. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/154370/97321fcedd23fefcd657530a8d6ccb3a.pdf

Walter Lotze, The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali. In The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, ed. by J.A. Koops, T. Tardy, N.MacQueen, and P.D. Williams July 2015. Also online: http://proxy.library.jhu.edu/login?qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199686049.001.0001  

Andrea Mc`Gregor, GATIA: A profile of Northern Mali´s Pro-Government Tuareg and Arab Militia, Jameston Foundation, April 3, 2015 https://jamestown.org/program/gatia-a-profile-of-northern-malis-pro-government-tuareg-and-arab-militia/  pp. 1-6

UN News, Mali: Security Situation deteriorates, human rights concern rise. Aug. 15 2022 https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1124692  

IPI Global Observatory, A Crisis of Consent in UN Peace Operations, August 2, 2022. https://theglobalobservatory.org/2022/08/a-crisis-of-consent-in-un-peace-operations/

Mali Commander Urges People to Flee Jihadist-Hit Northern Area, The Defense Post Sept. 15, 2022  https://www.thedefensepost.com/2022/09/15/mali-commander-flee-jihadist-area/

AP, Mali´s military junta holds referendum on a new constitution. June 18,2023. https://apnews.com/article/mali-junta-referendum-election-d073a62a5819fcd7d427fd6a61b7d48e 

IPI Global Observatory March 30 2023. Will it be a MINUSMA a la Carte, or geopolitical endgame in Mali? p. 10    https://theglobalobservatory.org/2023/03/minusma-a-la-carte-or-geopolitical-end-game-in-mali/

International Crisis Group Ensuring MINUSMA´s Smooth Departure from Mali. Commentary, Africa, 27 June 2023 Ensuring MINUSMA’s Smooth Departure from Mali | Crisis Group 

The Defense Post, July 1. 2023. Pullout of UN Peacekeepers Fom Mali Leaves Security Void. p. 3 https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/07/01/pullout-un-peacekeepers-mali/

AfricaNews, Mali drops French as Official Language https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/26/mali-drops-french-as-official-language/

MINUSMA Website https://minusma.unmissions.org/en

Supplementary Reading:

International Peace Institute, Prioritizing and Sequencing Peacekeeping Mandates. The case of MINUSMA, pp. 1-8 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/1805_The-Case-of-MINUSMA.pdf 

International Support Mission in Mali [AFISMA] : Peace and Security Council, 358th meeting, 7 March 2013, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia / African Union. - Addis Ababa, 2013. Pp. 1-5. https://www.peaceau.org/uploads/358th-psc-meeting-progress-report-afisma.pdf

Lacher, Wolfram Northern Mali: key is strengthening Bamako : ECOWAS plan harbors risks / by Wolfram Lacher. - New York/N.Y. : International Peace Institute, 2012. Pp. 1-7. (Global Observatory), http://www.theglobalobservatory.org/analysis/349-northern-mali-key-is-strengthening-bamako-ecowas-plan-harbors-risks.html

Kuehne, Winrich, West Africa and the Sahel in the grip of organized crime and international terrorism : why the UN, EU and Germany should prepare for a long stay. In: Sicherheit und Frieden: S + F (Security and Peace) Vol.32, No. 2, 2014, pp.113-118.

Duursma, Allard, Information Processing Challenges in Peacekeeping Operations: A Case Study on Peacekeeping Information Collection efforts in Mali. In: International Peacekeeping, vol. 25, no. 3, 2018, pp. 446 – 468.

Aning, Kwesi, Transnational security threats and challenges to peacekeeping in Mali. In: Conflict Trends. Durban. (2014) 2 (06.2014), pp. 11-17, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/182896/ACCORD-Conflict-Trends-2014-2.pdf

Boutellis, Arthur, Can the UN Stabilize? Towards a UN Stabilization Doctrine?  Can the UN Stabilize Mali? In: Stability – International Journal of Security & Development, 4 (1) No. 33, pp. 1-16 http://www.stabilityjournal.org/articles/10.5334/sta.fz/

Albrecht, Peter, Cold-Ravnkilde, Signe Marie, Haugegaard, Rikke, African peacekeepers in Mali : the role of African soldiers in the UN peacekeeping mission in Mali. – Copenhagen, Danish Institute of International Studies, 2017. Pp. 1-78 http://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/762381/DIIS_RP_2017_2_WEB.pdf

Karlsrud, John ; Smith, Adam C., Europe's return to UN peacekeeping in Africa? : Lessons from Mali. International Peace Institute, July 2015. (Providing for Peacekeeping ; 11), pp. 1 – 17, http://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/IPI-E-pub-Europes-Return-to-Peacekeeping-Mali.pdf    

Boeke, Sergei, Transitioning from military interventions to long-term counter-terrorism policy : the case of Mali (2013-2016) / Sergei Boeke. - Leiden : Universiteit Leiden, Australian National University, ICCT, 2016. Pp. 1 -68 https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep17499

Charbonneau, Bruno, Intervention in Mali : building peace between peacekeeping and counterterrorism. In: Journal of contemporary African studies. - London: Carfax. pp. 415-431, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02589001.2017.1363383

International Crisis Group

- / - The Sahel: Mali`s Crumbling Peace Process and Spreading Jihadist Threat. Commentary Africa, March 1, 2017. Pp. 5.    https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/mali/sahel-malis-crumbling-peace-process-and-spreading-jihadist-threat  

Sabrow, Sophia, Local perceptions of the legitimacy of peace operations by the UN, regional organizations and individual states : a case study of the Mali conflict. In: International Peacekeeping.  1 (February 2017), pp. 159-185, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13533312.2016.1249365?journalCode=finp

Adrian Callagher, Charles T. Hunt & Blake Laurinson, IPI Global Observators June 17, 2022. One Crisis, Multiple Norms: Strengthening Human Protection in Mali and the Sahel. pp. 12 https://theglobalobservatory.org/2022/06/multiple-norms-human-protection-in-mali-and-the-sahel/

Luiz, John M. (1997): The political economy of Zaire. A case of a predatory state, in: Africa Insight (Pretoria), vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 247-252

United Nations,

- / -  MONUSCO: Mandate and Objectives.   https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/mandates-and-objectives

- / -  MONUSCO: Background pp. 1 – 6  https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/background

Lisa Hultman, J.D. Kathman, M. Shannon, The Democratic Republic of the Congo. In: Peacekeeping in the Mids of War. 2019 pp. 148 – 168. (BC Lib. 341.584 HUL) http://proxy.library.jhu.edu/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198845577.001.0001

Pierre Englebert, The Democratic Republic of Congo: The Politics of Perpetual Crisis. In: Peter Lewis et. al.(eds.), Coping wit Crisis in African States.  Boulder 2016, (BC Lib. 960.33 COP)   pp. 89-114 

MONUSCO website (present), https://monusco.unmissions.org/en 
 
Supplementary Reading:

Reno, William (1997): Sovereignty and personal rule in Zaire, in: African Studies Quarterly (Gainsville/Flo.), vol. 1, no. 3

Reybrouck, David van, Congo – The epic history of a people, 2014 (engl. edition), pp. 267-433.

International Crisis Group, (2000):

- / -   Scramble for the Congo. Anatomy of an ugly war, Nairobi and Brussels: ICG (Africa report no. 26). https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/democratic-republic-congo/scramble-congo-anatomy-ugly-war

The Economist, Africa`s Great War – a report from Congo. July 6th, 2002,  https://www.proquest.com/docview/224031873/7F773C3AB05A4C22PQ/2?accountid=11752

International Crisis Group, (2000):

- / -   Africa’s Seven Nation War, Africa Report No 4, 21 May 1999  https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/democratic-republic-congo/africas-seven-nation-war

Clark, John F. (ed.) (2002): The African stakes of the Congo war, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Prunier, Gerard, From Genocide to Continental War: The "Congolese" Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa, C. Hurst & Co, 2009.

Turner, Thomas, The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality. New York 2007.

reliefweb, After Strategic Review, What Should Be Done With MONUSCO? 24 June 2019   https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/after-strategic-review-what-should-be-done-monusco  

IPI, The Effectiveness of the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. December 19, 2019. https://theglobalobservatory.org/2019/12/effectiveness-un-mission-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ 

Philip Kleinfeld & Robert Flumen, Rebels splits and failed peace talks in Congo´s Ituri. The New Humanitarian May 5, 2020. pp. 10
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2020/05/05/Ituri-Congo-Hema-Lendu-CODECO-demobilisation

Daniel Levine-Spound & Samuli Harju,The Un risks a failed drawdown in Congo if it doesn´t listen to civilians. The New Humanitarian, Dec. 6 2021 pp.11  https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/2021/12/06/un-risks-failed-drawdown-congo-if-it-doesn-t-listen-civilians 

Ed Ram, Anything to stop the massacres: peace still eludes DRC as armed groups proliferate. The Guardian (Global Development) February 11 2022 pp.10 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/feb/11/massacres-peace-democratic-republic-congo-kivu-rebels-uganda 

Peter Fabricius,  Tchisekedi opens a Pandora Box in eastern Repubic of the Democratic Congo. Institute for SecurityStudies (ISS) 23 June 2022 pp. 5 https://issafrica.org/iss-today/tshisekedi-opens-a-pandoras-box-in-eastern-democratic-republic-of-the-congo

NY Times, July 27, 2022,  UN: Well Armed M23 Rebells Resurgent in Eastern Congo.  https://www.voanews.com/a/un-well-armed-m23-rebels-resurgent-in-drc/6638775.html
   
NY Times, Anti-U.N. Protests in Congo Leave 15 Dead, Including 3 Peacekeepers https://www.proquest.com/docview/2694875843/7BBECE4C8D624440PQ/1?accountid=11752 

Okach, G., Congo Crisis highlights UN´s shortcomings.  Deutsche Welle 03/13/2022  https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-congo-crisis-highlights-uns-shortcomings/a-62789632 

VoA, August 18, 2022, East African Regional Bloc Begins Deployment of Troops to DRC.  https://www.voanews.com/a/east-african-regional-bloc-begins-deployment-of-troops-to-drc/6706964.html 

International Crisis Group, East Africa´s DC Congo Force. The Case for Caution. 25 August 2022 https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/great-lakes/democratic-republic-congo/east-africas-dr-congo-force-case-caution

Russo, L. East African troops  hope to bring peace in the DRC but there may be stumblind block. The Conversation 12/9/2022 https://theconversation.com/east-african-troops-hope-to-bring-peace-in-the-drc-but-there-may-be-stumbling-blocks-195937    

Institute for Security Studies (ISS), Can the East Africa Community stabilize Eastern Congo?  1 Nov. 2022  https://issafrica.org/iss-today/can-the-east-african-community-stabilise-eastern-drc 

The New Humanitarian, East African military force met with scepticism in DR Congo – The executioners who want to become saviours. 25 November 2022 https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2022/11/25/East-African-force-M23-Congo-EAC-Uganda-Rwanda 

defenseWeb, Eastern DRC remains flashpoint. 7 Feb 2023  https://www.defenceweb.co.za/joint/diplomacy-a-peace/eastern-drc-remains-flashpoint/ 

Institue for Security Studies (ISS), Eastern DRC peace process miss the mark. 08 FEB 2023.  Eastern DRC peace processes miss the mark - ISS Africa  https://issafrica.org/iss-today/eastern-drc-peace-processes-miss-the-mark   


....DRC recent publications....

The East African, October 10, 2023.  East African forces to leave the nation by December DRC officials say. p.3 https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/eacrf-to-leave-the-nation-by-december-drc-official-say-4396400

The East African,  November 24 2023, The UN, DR Congo sign Peacekeeper Withdrawal Plan. p.2 https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/dr-congo-un-sign-peacekeeper-withdrawal-plan-4443856  

Allafrica 25 November 202 DRC signs Agreement for SADC Troop Deployment. p. 2  https://allafrica.com/stories/202311200402.html 

The East African November 7 2023. SADC fails to signal military deployment to DRC. p.5   https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/sadc-fails-to-signal-military-deployment-to-dr-congo-4426108

AP December 18  2023, Congo´s elections faces enormous logistical problems sparking concerns about the vote´s credibility. p.4 https://apnews.com/article/congo-presidential-elections-felix-tshisekedi-be37278674b8df476228396925cfd48e

Daily Maverick  Dec. 19 2023, SADC troops set to enter  DRC in face of turbulent elections and surge in M23 rebel activity. p. 8 https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-12-19-sadc-troops-set-to-enter-drc-in-face-of-turbulent-elections-and-surge-in-m23-rebel-activity/

New York Times 20 December 2023, Inside a Chaotic-Billion Dollar Elections in a Pivotal African Nation. p. 10

The Conversation December 21 2023   East Aafrica`s troops are leaving the DRC. What went wrong and what comes next?  p. 5 https://theconversation.com/east-africas-troops-are-leaving-the-drc-what-went-wrong-and-what-comes-next-219500

Le Monde December 22 2023  The ´wazalendo`:Patriots in eastern DRC. p. 10New York Times 20 December 2023,  Inside a Chaotic Billion-Dollar Electionin a Pivotal African  Nation. p. 10  https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/12/19/the-wazalendo-patriots-at-war-in-eastern-drc_6356363_4.html

Africa Center for Strategic Studies January 2 2024, Elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Persistent Crisis of Legitimacy. p. 6  https://africacenter.org/spotlight/elections-democratic-republic-congo-drc-crisis-legitimacy/

AP Feb. 28 2024, UN hands over 1st military base in Congo to begin its drawdon after decades in the country. p.1 https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-congo-peacekeeping-force-drawdown-8e0d1a2b72f5b37f32129445acca064c

DW 13 May 2024, Congo: Can SADC troops defeat M23 rebels M23.  p.5 https://allafrica.com/stories/202405140080.html

Africa Center for Strategic Studies, May 20, 2024, Understanding the Democratic Republic of Congo´s Push for MONUSCO´s Departure. p.6https://africacenter.org/spotlight/understanding-drc-monusco/

United Nations News, Peace and Security  8 July 2024, UN envoy highlights alarming violence and neglected humanitarian crisis in DR Congo. p.3 https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/07/1151846

Reuters,July 13, 2024 Congo says UN exit unlikely while Rwanda troops present. p. 9 https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/congo-says-un-exit-unlikely-while-rwandan-troops-present-2024-07-13/

africanews July 14, 2024, Congo says may need UN peacekeepers to stay longer to deter Rwanda. p.1 https://www.africanews.com/2024/07/14/congo-says-may-need-un-peacekeepers-to-stay-to-deter-rwanda/

New York Times July  19, 2024 The Congo´s ´Other` Conflict Kills Thousands in West Near the Capital. p.1  

Topic 12: Protection of Civilians: too much for UN Bluehelmets in general and for MONUSCO in particular?

Security Council, United Nations, Report of the Secretary General on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, 22 May 2012, S/2012/376

Coning, Cedric de, Lotze, Walter and others, Mission-Wide Strategies for the Protection of Civilians – a comparison of MONUC, UNAMID and UNMIS. Security in Practice 7, 2011, NUPI Working Paper 792pp. 1- 17.   https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/nupi/0022625/f_0022625_18616.pdf

Center for Civilians in Conflict, The Primacy of Protection – Delivering the MINUSCA Mandate in the Central African Republic. pp. 4-6 and 11-35.
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CIVIC_MINUSCA_Report_small.pdf

Oxfam, “We are entirely exploitable” The lack of protection for civilians in Eastern DRC. Briefing Note July 28, 2011. http://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/we-are-entirely-exploitable-the-lack-of-protection-for-civilians-in-eastern-drc-136977

Alan Doss, Great Expectations: UN Peacekeeping, Civilian Protection and the Use of Force, GCSP Research Series no. 4, pp. 42 https://reliefweb.int/report/world/great-expectations-un-peacekeeping-civilian-protection-and-use-force

Victoria Holt/Glyn Taylor, Protecting Civilians in the Context of UN Peacekeeping Operations, Independent Study for the DPKO and OCHA, November 2009, pp. 371. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/52399ae24.pdf 

Oswald, Bruce, The Security Council and the Intervention Brigade: Some Legal Issues. ASIL Insight Vol. 17 (2013). https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/17/issue/15/security-council-and-intervention-brigade-some-legal-issues   

Sheeran, S., Case, S. (2014). The Intervention Brigade: Legal issues for the UN in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. New York: International Peace Institute. https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ipi_e_pub_legal_issues_drc_brigade.pdf

Lauren Sping, Protection with Less Presence: How the Peacekeeping Operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo is Attempting to Deliver Protection with Fewer Resources (Washington 2017) pp. 1-36  https://civiliansinconflict.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/BaseClosurePrint_Web.pdf

Center for Civilians in Conflict, The Primacy of Protection – Delivering the MINUSCA Mandate in the Central African Republic. pp. 4-6 and 11-35. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CIVIC_MINUSCA_Report_small.pdf  

Lotte Vermeij (ed.),EPON Report, Oslo 2020, UN Peacekeeping Operations at a Crossroads: The Implementation of Protection Mandates in Contested Spaces. pp. 75-108 and 109-152
https://www.nrc.no/resources/reports/un-peacekeeping-operations-at-a-crossroads/

International Peace Institute, Protection of Civilians and  Political Strategies, May 2018, South Africa, pp. 1 – 12 , https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/1805_POC-and-Political-Strategies.pdf

Hunt, Charles/Zimmermann, Shannon, Twenty Years of Protection of Civilians in UN Peace Operations. In: Journal of International Peacekeeping, 23 (2019). Read: pp.51-53 (Introduction) and pp. 62-80 (Present Challenges of Civilian Protection in Peace

United Nations, Report of the Secretary General. June 22, 2022 United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. pp. 18.  https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/united-nations-organization-stabilization-mission-democratic-11

Voice of America (VoA), UN: Well-Armed M23 Rebels resurgent in DRC. June 29, 2022 pp. 5 https://www.voanews.com/a/un-well-armed-m23-rebels-resurgent-in-drc/6638775.html 

Tatiana Carayannis and Michael J. Kavanagh, The UN and the Logic of Congo´s Political Economy. In: Mats Berdal and Jak Sherman, The Political Economy of Civil War and UN eace Operations. pp. 175-198.  https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/lib/jhu/detail.action?docID=7191740 


Session 13 (Module 13-14)      Concluding debate and Final Group exercise (+ paper) addressing the key topic of the class is there “Any future for peacekeeping and peacebuilding after Afghanistan?”; discussion based on what has been learned in the general discussions in the class and in the case studies: does the failure in Afghanistan necessarily imply that externally driven peace- and nation building processes are bound to fail?  In late June 2023 MINUSMA in Mali became a top issues in the UN Security Council. There was wide agreement that the mission has to be withdrawn. What will be the effects of such a withdrawl, in the casee of Mali as well as elswhere? In addressing these issues based on the knowledge acquired in the class students will have a chance to contribute to a debate which is just gaining momentum in the UN as well as in member states. What kind of future is there for UN-led peaceopertions and peacebuilding?  Can strategic reasons for the failure of peace operations and peacebuilding be identified?  Student will be asked to sum up  the key insights/conclusion of the concluding debatte in a concise, short bullet paper (6-7 pages).. 

(Details regarding the organization and conduct of the group exercise will be available on time on CANVAS and will be discussed in class.)

Reading:

Stabilisation Unit, The UK Government´s Approach to Stabilization – A guide for policy makers and practitioners. March 2019, Executive Summary pp. 11-24. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/784001/The_UK_Government_s_Approach_to_Stabilisation_A_guide_for_policy_makers_and_practitioners.pdf

Gen. Carlos Alberto Santos Cruz, Improving the Security of United Nations Peacekeepers: We need to change the way we are doing business. December 19, 2017, New York  pp. 1-34    https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/improving_security_of_united_nations_peacekeepers_report.pdf

Chowdhury, Fink and Arthur Boutellis, Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Counterterrorism and Peacekeeping in the Sahel. In International Peace Institute (IPI) July 20, 2021 pp. 1-6; https://theglobalobservatory.org/2021/07/between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place-counterterrorism-and-peacekeeping-in-the-sahel/ 

Laurel Miller, Afghanistan 2001 - 2021: U.S. Policy Lessons Learned, International Crisis Group Nov. 2021  https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/afghanistan/afghanistan-2001-2021-us-policy-lessons-learned

Jean-Marie Guehenno, The Importance of Political Economy. pp. 29-41. In: Mats Berdal and Jak Sherman, The Political Economy of Civil War and UN peace Operations. https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/lib/jhu/detail.action?docID=7191740     

Alan Doss, Engaging with Political Elites and Non-State Actors: A Mission Perspective. pp. 65-85. In: Mats Berdal and Jak Sherman, The Political Economy of Civil War and UN Peace Operations. pp. 1 -26 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/lib/jhu/detail.action?docID=7191740   

Judith Vorrath, Confronting Illicit Economies and Criminal Threats in UN Missions: Operating in the "Grey Zone" pp. 152-172. In: Mats Berdal and Jak Sherman, The Political Economy of Civil War and UN Peace Operations. pp. 1 -26 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy1.library.jhu.edu/lib/jhu/detail.action?docID=7191740      

International Crisis Group, What Future for UN Peacekeeping in Africa after Mali Shutters its Mission? 20 July 2023.  https://www.crisisgroup.org/global-mali/what-future-un-peacekeeping-africa-after-mali-shutters-its-mission